Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review.

The world requests for raw materials used in animal feed has been steadily rising in the last years driven by higher demands for livestock production. Mycotoxins are frequent toxic metabolites present in these raw materials. The exposure of farm animals to mycotoxins could result in undesirable residues in animal-derived food products. Thus, the potential ingestion of edible animal products (milk, meat and fish) contaminated with mycotoxins constitutes a public health concern, since they enter the food chain and may cause adverse effects upon human health. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art on the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed, their metabolism and carry-over into animal source foodstuffs, focusing particularly on the last decade. Maximum levels (MLs) for various mycotoxins have been established for a number of raw feed materials and animal food products. Such values are sometimes exceeded, however. Aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (TCs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed, with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) predominating in milk and dairy products, and OTA in meat by-products. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed raw materials tends to be the rule rather than the exception, and the carry-over of mycotoxins from feed to animal source foods is more than proven.

Estudio de los parámetros que afectan al contenido de deoxinivalenol en cereales o alimentos a base de cereales obtenidos en comercios de Valencia (España) / Study of several parameters affecting the deoxynivalenol content in cereal and cereal-based products from Valencia (Spain)

Las micotoxinas son metabolitos fúngicos que aparecen comúnmente como contaminantes de muchos cereales y pueden causar una amplia variedad de efectos tóxicos. En el presente estudio, se analizó un total de 182 muestras de diferentes cereales (arroz, trigo, maíz, avena, espelta, soja y tapioca) obtenidos en establecimientos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Se examina la presencia de deoxinivalenol (DON) y se realiza un estudio estadístico de las muestras según el tipo de cultivo (orgánico o convencional), su composición, el tipo de producto y la marca (comercial o blanca) para estimar si estos parámetros influyen en la concentración de DON. Del total de muestras, 111 estaban contaminadas con DON, pero en concentraciones inferiores a los límites permitidos por la legislación europea. Se observó mayor incidencia de DON en muestras de trigo (80%) seguidas de maíz (35%) y arroz (13%), pero sin diferencia significativa (p>0,05) entre el tipo de cereal; ni con la práctica agrícola. Sin embargo, los resultados demostraron que el tipo de producto en el cereal procesado (p<0,001; los productos a base de lluvia y sémola presentaran valores mayores de DON que los fideos), los componentes del alimento procesado (p<0,01; los niveles de DON eran superiores en las rosquilletas de pan simples respecto a las rosquilletas con queso y con chocolate ) y la marca (p<0,05; las marcas blancas contienen más DON que las comerciales) si influyen en los niveles de DON hallados en las muestras de trigo (AU)

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that commonly appear as contaminants in many cereals and can cause a variety of toxic effects. In this study, a total of 182 samples of different cereals (rice, wheat, corn, oats, spelt, soy and tapioca) obtained in establishments of Valencia (Spain) were analyzed. The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) was determined and a statistical study of the samples was performed according to the type of crop (organic or conventional), its composition, the type of product and brand (commercial or white) to estimate whether these parameters influence DON concentration. Of the total samples, 111 were contaminated with DON, but their concentration were below the limits allowed by European legislation. Higher DON concentration was observed in wheat samples (80%) followed by corn (35%) and rice (13%), but no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the type of cereal; or harvest conditions. However, the results showed that the type of product in the processing cereal (p <0.001; the rain-based products and grits presented higher values of DON than noodles), processed food components (p <0.01; DON levels were higher in simple snacks than snacks bread with cheese and chocolate) and brand (p <0.05; white brands contain more DON than commercial ones) have related to DON concentration found in wheat samples (AU)

Determinación de deoxinivalenol en rosquilletas mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem / Determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat-based snacks by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

El deoxinivalenol (DON) es la micotoxina producida por hongos del género Fusarium que con más frecuencia se detecta en cereales y productos a base de cereales. Por ello, es recomendable realizar una continua monitorización de su incidencia en los alimentos. Este trabajo propone un procedimiento analítico basado en una extracción tipo QuEChERS seguido de una cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de triple cuadrupolo para la determinación de DON en rosquilletas. Se analizaron un total de 40 muestras las cuales se dividieron según su composición en dos grupos. El DON fue identificado en el 67,5% de las muestras analizadas con un contenido máximo de 61 μg/kg. A pesar de su incidencia elevada, los niveles de DON hallados fueron muy inferiores a los límites máximos legislados en la actual legislación europea (500 μg/kg). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una baja exposición a DON a través del consumo de esta matriz alimentaria (AU)

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequently detected mycotoxin in cereal and cereal-based products, and a continuous monitoring of this toxin in foodstuffs is highly desirable. In this sense, a QuEChERS based extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection is proposed to determine DON in an appetizer largely consumed, the wheat-based snacks. In this study, a total of 40 samples were analyzed. The samples were divided into two groups based on the composition. Extraction was carried out with acetonitrile followed by a dispersive solid phase extraction and analyzed for DON content by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) method. The overall occurrence of samples with DON was 67.5%, with maximum content of 61μg/kg. In spite of its high incidence, DON concentrations found in samples were much lower than the maximum limit established in the current European legislation (500 μg/kg) for the foodstuff evaluated. Data obtained indicated a low exposure to DON through the consumption of this food commodity (AU)